Limited explainability is an important drawback of deep-learning-based AI algorithms, as the difficulty in understanding the logical background and factors associated with the output from the algorithm may hinder its reliability, especially for AI in healthcare. Combining the closed-line and heat map methods for visualizing AI-CAD results led to the highest sensitivity and accuracy of radiologists. The methods for visualizing AI-CAD results for chest radiographs influenced the performance of radiologists’ interpretations. Detection rates using the heat map method ( p = 0.043) and the combined method ( p = 0.004) are significantly higher than those using the closed-line method. The sensitivity ( p = 0.007) and accuracy ( p = 0.037) of the combined method are significantly higher than that of the closed-line method. Examination-level sensitivity and accuracy, and lesion-level detection rates for clinically significant abnormalities were evaluated for the three visualization methods. In each session, the chest radiographs were interpreted using AI-CAD with one of the three visualization methods in random order. A reader test was conducted with five trainee radiologists over three interpretation sessions. A commercialized AI-CAD using three different methods of visualizing was applied: (a) closed-line method, (b) heat map method, and (c) combined method. Initial chest radiographs of patients with acute respiratory symptoms were retrospectively collected. We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of radiologists’ interpretations of chest radiographs using different visualization methods for the same AI-CAD. This is when you need to call on a diagnostic services specialist.It is unclear whether the visualization methods for artificial-intelligence-based computer-aided detection (AI-CAD) of chest radiographs influence the accuracy of readers’ interpretation. Warning lights or warning messages may be the only indication that you have a problem, and you may or may not even notice your vehicle acting any differently. Even so-called “simple” systems, such as power windows and air conditioning, are now electronic.
Whereas engine fuel injection and ignition systems used to be electrical or mechanical, their function is now completely electronic. However, with the introduction of electronic systems, some car problems have become more complicated to diagnose and repair. A headlight out might simply need a new bulb, or a squeaky belt may need an adjustment. There are a great many car problems that are fairly straightforward to diagnose and repair. Noises, performance problems, and fuel economy problems are just a few of the symptoms that the modern technician may need to address on your vehicle. It’s only reasonable to conclude that, because the modern automobile is such a complicated machine, there are many ways in which it can fail.
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